This in-depth article maps how UCC §§ 1-103, 3-104, 3-601, and 3-603 are codified and applied across all 50 U.S. states. It explains the legal foundations of negotiable instruments, commercial discharge, lawful tender, and equity-based supplementation of the Uniform Commercial Code. With every state’s statutory citation embedded, this resource is essential for litigants, researchers, and private parties asserting rights under the UCC. Whether executing a secured party strategy, challenging a debt, or invoking equity, this article shows where the law lives—and how to use it.
Many people are banking incorrectly, misunderstanding the true nature of financial obligations and the protections available to them under the law. According to 18 U.S. Code § 8, an "obligation or other security of the United States" is defined broadly, indicating that all such obligations fall under the purview and responsibility of the U.S. Treasury. This includes Federal Reserve bank notes, coupons, United States notes, Treasury notes, gold certificates, silver certificates, fractional notes, certificates of deposit, bills, checks, or drafts for money. This has profound implications for how we understand debts and bills.
Private Citizen – is someone who is private and not governed by any de facto corporation like the U.S. […]