This article delivers a devastating legal breakdown proving that lawful tender—once made and unrebutted—discharges auto loan debt under UCC §§ 3-601, 3-603, 3-310, 2-206, and 1-103, as codified in Cal. Com. Code §§ 3601, 3603, 3310, 2206, 1103, Fla. Stat. §§ 673.6011, 673.6031, 673.3101, 672.206, 671.103, and N.C.G.S. §§ 25-3-601, 25-3-603, 25-3-310, 25-2-206, 25-1-103. It exposes refusal to release a lien after lawful discharge as actionable fraud, conversion, embezzlement, and obstruction under state and federal law. With verified case law and commercial principles, it explains how silence equals acceptance and how creditors become commercially estopped. A must-read for secured parties, fiduciaries, and equity claimants demanding lien removal, declaratory relief, and commercial remedy.
This in-depth article maps how UCC §§ 1-103, 3-104, 3-601, and 3-603 are codified and applied across all 50 U.S. states. It explains the legal foundations of negotiable instruments, commercial discharge, lawful tender, and equity-based supplementation of the Uniform Commercial Code. With every state’s statutory citation embedded, this resource is essential for litigants, researchers, and private parties asserting rights under the UCC. Whether executing a secured party strategy, challenging a debt, or invoking equity, this article shows where the law lives—and how to use it.